34 Mass. App. Ct. 429
December 11, 1992 – May 3, 1993
Suffolk County
Present: KASS, FINE, & PORADA, JJ.
Statement concerning a trial judge's obligations under G. L. c. 208, Section 34, in determining a
fair division of marital assets, and an appellate court's duty on review of a judgment pursuant to
that statute. [430-431]
On appeal from a judgment of divorce awarding the husband fifteen percent of the marital assets
of the parties, this court concluded that, in the circumstances, the judge gave excessive weight to
the original source of the assets of the parties' twenty-seven year long marriage and failed to
allocate assets in such fashion as would enable each party to sustain an approximation of the
living standard each enjoyed while married to the other. [433-435]
COMPLAINT for divorce filed in the Suffolk Division of the Probate and Family Court
Department on December 29, 1989.
The case was heard by Edward W. Farrell, J.
Roberta F. Benjamin for the plaintiff.
James R. DeGiacomo (Joan P. Armstrong with him) for the defendant.
KASS, J. At the time of the trial of their divorce action, [Note 1] the marital estate of the parties
came to $1,139,150. [Note 2] In his order under G. L. c. 208, Section 34, a judge of the Probate
Court allocated $170,872 to the husband, an amount the judge arrived at by deciding to award
the husband fifteen
Page 430
percent of the marital assets of the couple. On appeal, the husband argues that this division is so
inconsistent with the judge's findings under Section 34 that it is insupportable as matter of law.
See Bowring v. Reid, 399 Mass. 265 , 267-268 (1987). We decide that the judge gave excessive
weight to the original source of the assets of this long term (twenty-seven years) marriage and
failed to allocate assets in such fashion as would enable each party to sustain an approximation
of the living standard each enjoyed while married to the other. See Grubert v. Grubert, 20 Mass.
App. Ct. 811 , 819 (1985).
Before stating the salient facts of the controversy, it may be useful to rehearse the familiar legal
principles which courts apply to a case of this kind. First among these is that a probate judge
acting under G. L. c. 208, Section 34, has broad discretion to assign assets. Rice v. Rice, 372
Mass. 398 , 401 (1977). Davidson v. Davidson, 19 Mass. App. Ct. 364 , 371 (1985). If the judge
has made the obligatory findings under Section 34 and "has not considered any irrelevant matter,
his determinations as to alimony and property division may not be reversed unless `plainly
wrong and excessive.'" Redding v. Redding, 398 Mass. 102 , 107-108 (1986). Bowring v. Reid,
399 Mass. at 267. Bacon v. Bacon, 26 Mass. App. Ct. 117 , 120 (1988). What weight any of the
Section 34 factors shall receive "rests within the broad discretion of the judge." Handrahan v.
Handrahan, 28 Mass. App. Ct. 167 , 168 (1989). Mathematical precision is not the test. Ibid.
Contribution to the marital enterprise is a factor to be taken into account in what is a fair division
of assets. Bacon v. Bacon, 26 Mass. App. Ct. at 118-119. Comins v. Comins, 33 Mass. App. Ct.
28 , 32-33 (1992), and cases there cited. Among the objectives of a financial award is providing
means, to the extent the marital assets allow, which enable the parties to approximate the
standard of living enjoyed during marriage. Grubert v. Grubert, 20 Mass. App. Ct. at 819. See
Kehoe v. Kehoe, 31 Mass. App. Ct. 958 , 959 (1992).
Considerable as the trial judge's discretion may be in weighing these factors, it is not unbounded.
Putnam v. Putnam, 5 Mass. App. Ct. 10 , 15 (1977). Handrahan v. Handrahan,
Page 431
28 Mass. App. Ct. at 168. It is the duty of a reviewing court to consider whether the
apportionment of assets flows rationally from the judge's findings under Section 34. Bowring v.
Reid, 399 Mass. at 267-268.
We now turn to the facts found by the judge concerning the Denningers' marriage of twenty-
seven years. The husband during most of that time worked as a commission salesman of
financial services to institutions. Over the course of the marriage, his earnings from that vocation
ran between $30,000 and $40,000 annually. That income went into a joint bank account and was
used for the support of the family. Early in their marriage, the wife assisted her husband with his
financial newsletter and services business but, once their two children were born (they are now
both over twenty-one), she devoted her life to raising the children and managing the household.
Although the husband's earned income was modest, the Denningers were able to live at an upper
middle class level thanks to generous support from the wife's family. She relied on her father not
only for money, but for financial advice and decision making involving management of the
household. Whenever the wife needed anything material, whether a new car or coat, private
school tuition, camp fees, or college expenses for the children, she requested and received the
necessary funds from her parents.
Around 1971, when the Denninger family moved from New York to Boston, they first rented
and then, with $55,000 in help from the wife's father, bought an apartment on Louisburg Square
in Boston. In the ebullient market of the 1970's and 1980's, that property rose to a value of
$543,000 at the time of trial. The Denningers were able to borrow on their equity in the property
and did so, once to buy a summer place in Maine, used by the wife as a painting studio, and on
one or more other occasions to discharge debts. Monthly payments on the equity loans were
made by the husband until, ultimately, the wife's father paid the balance of the loans entirely. As
for vacations, the family were
Page 432
able to sail on annual Caribbean cruises, financed by lectures the husband gave aboard ship.
During the marriage, the wife's father set up investment accounts in her name that, by the time of
trial, exceeded $500,000. Those funds were managed by the wife's father, who reinvested the
income they produced. From the mid-seventies forward, the husband paid from his income the
taxes generated by earnings on the investment portfolio. Their life-style was a matter of some
concern to the husband, who proposed moving to a suburb with a good public school system,
where the family could live more modestly. The wife, however, enjoyed the Beacon Hill/ private
school setting and the resources from her parents made that choice of life-style possible.
At the time of the divorce, the husband was seventy-one years old and had suffered illness
requiring surgery; the wife was fifty-five and, generally, in good health, although afflicted with
asthma and bouts with alcoholism. Over time the husband had developed dietary preferences and
nutrition supplement practices which could be characterized as eccentric.
After they separated, the husband's income came from his commissions and social security. In
1991, the year of the divorce judgment, the husband's aggregate income from those sources came
to $34,496. By reason of his age and health, there were no prospects for increases in income and,
indeed, a decline of earned income was to be expected. The husband had formed a relationship
with a woman friend in Florida with whom he was able to share living and travel expenses, but
there were no plans to marry. As for the wife's economic position, the father continued to meet
her living expenses so that she did not need to draw on her capital assets or even her investment
income. The wife was one of two siblings and she had expectations of an inheritance from her
parents.
"[D]ay in and out for twenty plus years," the judge wrote in his findings, "the [husband]
contributed all of the [husband's] financial resources to the family and . . . neither sought nor
desired (nor indeed took personal advantage of)
Page 433
the financial involvement of the [wife's] family." The judge thought it appropriate to make an
award which would enable the husband to "live out the remainder of [his] life with some dignity
and security." Both parties preferred not to deal with ongoing financial obligations such as
alimony and desired to make a final financial settlement.
In light of these findings and objectives, the allocation made by the judge, $170,872 in assets to
the husband, $968,278 to the wife, is off target. The living accommodation which the husband is
able to use in the apartment of his bridge-playing companion is the product of an act of
generosity rather than duty on the part of the companion. Her assistance is not bankable. The
husband's ability to earn income is on a downward curve. There is no compulsion to achieve
financial parity for parties to a divorce, Bacon v. Bacon, 26 Mass. App. Ct. at 121, but the
comparison of the comfortable financial security of the wife with the fragile financial status of
the husband is too stark to accept the apportionment of assets as conformable with cases which
require an attempt to sustain the mode and level of living during the marriage. See Zildjian v.
Zildjian, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 1 , 14 (1979); Grubert v. Grubert, 20 Mass. App. Ct. at 819; Bacon v.
Bacon, 26 Mass. App. Ct. at 121-122. Assuming a seven percent to eight percent return on
investment, as might have been expected in 1991, [Note 3] the income on the $170,872 awarded
to the husband would be in the $12,000 to $13,700 range. Added to the husband's $12,896 of
social security, the aggregate resources which the husband could depend on fall short of what in
1991 would support an upper middle class life-style. See Kehoe v. Kehoe, 31 Mass. App. Ct. at
960. Absent some good reason, the financial orders in a divorce judgment should not cause the
standard of living of one spouse to drop perceptibly down while that of the other spouse remains
high. Goldman v. Goldman, 28 Mass. App. Ct. 603 , 611 (1990). Inker, Kindregan, Wagner &
Boumil, Alimony and Assignment of Property: A Survey of the Last
Page 434
Decade of Massachusetts Law, 26 Suffolk U.L.Rev. 21, 43-44 (1992). Comparison with Bacon
v. Bacon, 26 Mass. App. Ct. at 120-122, in which we approved a meager award to the husband
and the retention by the wife of inherited wealth, is instructive. There the husband used income
he generated largely for his own purposes, id. at 120; he made no financial contribution to the
marital enterprise, ibid; he spent income from his wife's assets, ibid.; and he had his own income
of $38,400 in salary, approximately $7,000 in interest income, and the use of a two-bedroom
apartment which went with his position at Harvard College. As to the significance to decision of
the minimal contribution of the husband in Bacon, see Inker, Kindregan, Wagner, & Boumil,
supra at 41. At that, one of the judges on the panel, in a concurring opinion, expressed concern
that the decision of the probate judge might have reflected "too strongly a notion that inherited
wealth should remain in blood lines." Id. at 123 (Kaplan, J., concurring).
The role of the husband in the Denninger marriage was considerably more contributing. It is
difficult to understand why the husband should share so little of the run-up in value of the marital
residence, the consequence of market factors, or of the investment portfolio, whose source was
the wife's parents, but to whose growth the husband made at least some contribution by helping
to pay taxes on the portfolio income. Contrast Savides v. Savides, 400 Mass. 250 , 253 (1987).
The respective shares, we say again, are less important than the financial circumstances in which
those shares leave the parties. [Note 4] In this case, we conclude, the husband is disadvantaged in
a fashion which does not follow logically from the judge's findings. Section 34 is intended "`to
provide a mechanism whereby no matter how the property has been
Page 435
acquired or how it is held, the court can distribute it between the parties in such a way as to
provide for a balanced disposition and economic justice.'" Hay v. Cloutier, 389 Mass. 248 , 254
(1983), quoting Ginsburg, M. G. L. c. 208, Section 34 — Some Observations About the Division
of Property Leading to Predictability and Consistency, 25 B.B.J. No. 1, at 10 (1981).
We reverse the financial components of the divorce judgment and remand the case to the Probate
Court for consideration of a division of property which will enable the parties to maintain a
station in life which approximates that which was theirs during marriage.
So ordered.
FOOTNOTES
[Note 1] John P. Denninger, the husband, filed the complaint and his wife, Victoria C.
Denninger, acknowledged breakdown of the marriage in her answer.
[Note 2] We have rounded off dollar amounts in this opinion to the nearest whole dollar.
[Note 3] See Salomon Bros. Broad Investment-Grade Bond Index, January, 1991.
[Note 4] Conduct of the parties may bear on what constitutes an equitable distribution of
property. Johnson v. Johnson, 22 Mass. App. Ct. 955 , 956 (1986). Inker, Kindregan, Wagner &
Boumil, 26 Suffolk U. L. Rev. at 38-39. The husband's dietary fetishes hardly resemble the
abusive conduct given weight in the Johnson and Handrahan cases.
